Saturday, August 22, 2009

CELESTIAL AND TERRESTIAL ANIMISM,MATHEMATICAL POETRY AND MATHEMATICAL ART

David Zindell’s Neverness conjoins a celestial animism and the poetry of mathematics in depicting a space pilot’s quest to penetrate the Solid State Entity, a sentient galactic form.

As he approaches the galactic centre, his experience evokes the Greek myth of Actaeon who surprised the goddess Artemis at her bath, a vision of beauty so sublime,it seems to be a profanity to witness it. It also suggests a Yoruba image of Ille ,the Earth,an image that conjoins the sense of taboo with the fascination of the erotic.The space pilot perceives a configuration of moons, planets and stars which are the material form of a transcendentally conscious being whose brain cells consist of moons:

"Again I fenestered inward towards the centre of the Entity’s brain. I was more determined than ever to seek the nexus of her intelligence, if indeed such a nexus existed.The further I fell,the more moon-brains I discovered. Near one hot,blue giant star,there must have been ten thousand moons clumped together like the cells of an embryo.I had an intense feeling that I was witnessing something I was not meant to see,as if I had caught my mother naked in her morning bath.Were the moons reproducing themselves,I wondered? I could not see into the centre of the clump because the space there was as black as a black hole" [ a black hole is a point from which light does not escape on account of an immense gravitational pull created by a star imploding inward, currently understood as the final state of a star].




The quote from a visionary description of celestial bodies is particularly apt as a means of evoking the sense of stupefied wonder that always moved me whenever I gazed from outside as well as from within the mysterious power and peace of the interior of the forest in Benin-City, Nigeria,where the Ogba river first breaks ground.

From outside I sensed that some great secret, a sublime and mysterious treasure, was being concealed and guarded by those wonderfully beautiful trees that stood at the entrance to the forest. That within the density of vegetation that the forest assumed towards the inaccessible point from which the main body of the river emerged from the clustering of trees was a concentration of some dark energy, anciently inscrutable, something that I could not begin to grasp but the presence of which I sensed with the bewilderment and awe that a blind person who has never met a person who could see, and so has no conception of sight, might feel on sensing the glorious heat of the sun’s light on her face, having never known that something like that exists, since all her life she has lived under the ground in cold tunnels.

The experience was like perceiving something belonging to an order of nature fundamentally different from that to which one belongs.The atmosphere of that forest represented an ontological category that was far from the human but was most appealing in an enigmatic sense, to the human mind.:

"…adjoining groves of trees…moving from one to the other, compelled by a numinous radiance emanating from the central grove, a flame seen with the inner eye, welling out of a community of trees rising from the point where the pure sparkling of the broad waters of a river emerge from the earth inside a forest, the atmosphere palpitating with a presence, invisible but majestic, compelling in its nonhuman beauty, repellent in its awesome otherness. The elemental space is bursting with something larger than life but which cannot be seen, Something which compels a sense of attendance at a meeting point of earth and the core of a distant nebula.

The solitary serenity of the desert, opening up a view in the unclouded sky of the diamond encrusted carpet created by our celestial partners, the stars, the transcendental heights of the lonely mountain tops, above which hang the immensity of the sky, the enigmatic depths of the ocean, a universe with its own citizens, mountains, forests and laws, the immense bowl of the sky within which the clouds travel, the dense darkness of space, patterned across unimaginable distances by the bodies that populate the universe, from stars to black holes, from planets to comets, all these converge in the meeting of mind to mind that is the encounter in the forest with the NonHuman but which is profoundly evocative of the capacity of the human to rise above the mundane".

The numinous radiance of the place is described by people familiar with it as the emanation from a supra-material presence that dwells there.An old man who farms near the forest describes that atmosphere as a presence that emerged when when an ancient ancestor,an Oba's [Bini king ] wife achieved apotheosis in that place by transforming herself into a river in order to give succour to others,in memory of the suffering she had gone through.Ulli Beier and Susanne Wenger describe such myths of elemental transformations as expressions in terms of a symbolism whose actual meaning might now be lost,of a transformation of self achieved in the event of the self achieving a level of growth that makes its continued existence incomensurate with the limitations represented by conventional life on earth.It therefore projects itself into a higher plane through a process subsequently interpreted as a transformation into an elemental form.Wenger and Beier's interpretation suggests that the force of the process reconfigures the geological structure of the place where the transformation takes place,in the case of the Ogba forest,rupturing the earth,releasing a path to the surface for an underground river.

As the pilot approaches the celestial entity, he models mathematical configurations to enable him map his path in space, configurations that are akin to the probabilistic configurations of Ifa Odu,the infinitely transformative spiral sequences of Opon Ifa and the geometric and topological patterns of Adinkra:

"...I was afire with the possibilities of new,godly life,so I made a point-to-point mapping into the centre of the gathered moons.

Immediately I knew that I had made a simple mistake.My ship did not fall out into the centre of the moons. Instead,I segued into a junglelike decision tree.A hundred different pathways opened before me,dividing and branching to ten thousand others.I was sick with fear because I had only instants to decide upon the correct branching,or I would be lost.

I reached out with my mind to my ship,and slowtime overcame me.My brain rushed with thoughts ,as snow flakes swirl in a cold wind.As my mentations accelerated,time seemed to slow down.I had a long,stretched out instant in which to prove a particularly difficult mapping theorem.I had to prove it quickly,as quickly as I could think.The computer modelled my thoughts and began infusing my visual cortex with ideoplasts that I summoned up from memory.These crystal-like symbols glittered before my inner eye;they formed and joined and assembled into the proof array of my theorem.Each individual ideoplast was lovely and unique.The represenstation of the fixed-point theorem,for instance,was like a coiled ruby necklace.As I built my proof,the coil joined with feathery,diamond fibres of the first Lavi mapping lemma.I was thinking furiously,and the ideoplasts froze into place.The intricate emerald glyphs of the statement of invariance,the wedegelike runes of the sentential connectives,and all the other characters-they formed a three dimensional array ordered by logic and inspiration.The quicker I thought,the quicker the ideoplasts appeared as if from nothingness and found their place in the proof array.This mental manipulation of symbol into proof has a special name:We call it the number storm because the rush of pure mathematical thinking is overwhelming,like a blizzard in midwinter spring.

With the number storm carrying me along towards the moment of proof,I passed into dreamtime.There was an indescribable perception of orderedness;there was beauty and terror as the manifold opened before me.The number storm intensified,nearly blinding me with the white light of dreamtime.I wondered,as I had always wondered,at the nature of dreamtime and that wonderful mental space we call the manifold.Was the manifold true deep reality,the reality ordering the shape and texture of the outer universe?Some cantors believe this...and it is their faith that when mathematics is perfectly realized,the universe will be perfectly understood.

........................................................................................................................................

I was deep in dreamtime when I realized I did not understand the type of the decision tree branching all about me.I was close to my proof-I needed only to show that the Lavi set was embedded in a an invariant space.But I could not show this,and I did not know why.It should have been a simple thing to do.When the tree divided and split into a million and then a billion different branches,I began to sweat.Dreamtime intensified into that terrifying,nameless state I thought of as 'nightmare time'.Suddenly I proved that the Lavi set could not be embedded in an invariant space.My heart was beating like a panicked child’s.With my panic came despair,and my proof array began to crash,to shatter like ice crystals ground beneath a leather boot.There would be no proof,I knew.There would be no mapping to a point-exit in real space.I would not fall out around any star,near or distant.I was not merely lost in a hideous decision tree.I had stumbled-or been propelled-into an infinite tree.Even in the worst of decision trees,there is a probability that a pilot will find the correct branch among the billion billion branchings.But in an infinite tree,there is no correct branch,no branch leading to an exit into the warm sunlight of real space.The tree spreads outward,one branch growing into another,and into ten centillion others,on and on,dividing and redividing into infinity.From an infinite tree there is no escape.


Monday, August 17, 2009

THE BEGINNING AND THE END OF TIME IN RELATION TO THE INVOCATION OF ANCESTORS: MEDITATIVE CONSTRUCTS IN SOYINKA AND ASIAN THOUGHT

The beginning and the end of time can be adapted as meditative constructs to facilitate the empowerment of the self through the mental confrontation with these ultimate realities.

Such an imaginative construction emerges in two works by the Nigerian writer Wole Soyinka,who makes reference to its much older presence in Hindu and Buddhist thought.This essay compares Soyinka's use of this contemplative possibility with some of the forms in which it appears in those religions.The essay concludes with Hindu and Buddhist iconographic forms that embody these ideas,juxtaposed with quotations from Soyinka and Hindu and Buddhist literature that illustrate the range of the imaginative engagement with the beginning and the end of time .




An early picture of Soyinka, possibly closer to his appearance at the time of his incarceration

Soyinka adapts ideas of temporal emergence and dissolution in his collection of poems,A Shuttle in the Crypt, written while he was imprisoned in solitary confinement between 1967 and 1969, and in his essay of 1991,The Credo of Being and Nothingness, which recalls the poems, and links itself to recollections from his childhood at which time he first became fascinated with these ideas about time and unwittingly stumbled upon the mental practices associated with them without appreciating their cultural significance.

The meditation in Credo starts from the beginning of time,following imaginatively the emergence of being from a primal point.

"Recession (Mahapralaya)" is a very powerful poem that adapts a Hindu conception of the withdrawal of being to its originating core at the end of a cycle of time.The cosmic scope of time evoked by this conception is suggested by the characterization of each of these cycles of withdrawal and emergence as " one day and night of Brahma",Brahma being the ultimate,originating principle of the cosmos.

In creating one meditation that places the persona at the beginning of time and another at the end of a cycle of time,Soyinka indirectly evokes the centrifugal and centripetal progression of mandala and yantra theory and practice.Mandalas and yantras are geometric forms developed in Hinduism and Buddhism as a means of depicting the unity of the cosmos,as well as a means of harnessing spiritual forces.The person using the instrument could contemplate the mandala or the yantra as emanating from its centre to its circumference,and therefore suggesting the emergence of the cosmos from a primal centre.They could also see it as moving into the centre from the circumference,thereby indicating the reintegration of the cosmos into its originating core.The centrifugal,outward motion suggests the emergence of cosmic potentiality from its primary condition of possibility.The centripetal withdrawal of the cosmos into its centre suggests the withdrawal of the actualized possibilities into the darkness of potentiality.

Invoking ideas of the state that gave birth to time,or of the infolding of time to its nascent primordiality,Soyinka,in a manner reminiscent of the poetry of the twelfth century Buddhist poet and hermit Jetsun Milarepa,identifies these enigmatic but compellingly fascinating zones of being with mysterious but powerful figures,evocative both of humanity and of something larger than human,who are available to the voyager as guides by virtue of their having previously passed successfully through the same routes into those zones of ultimacy.Soyinka is primed by his immersion in African conceptions of ancestors,whose departure from the earth through the portal of death is only one stage in a transformative process,that, as Soyinka describes it in Myth,Literature and the African World,moves in a spiral of development between the unborn,the living and the dead.His work also suggests inspiration from the Christian monastic tradition,a withdrawal from "the business and pleasure of the moment in order to measure human potential against the human condition" as it is described by Arnold Toynbee.Also suggested by his poetry are the associated echoes of Catholic Christian conceptions of the invisible though enabling presence of the perfected believers who dwell with the creator,the Church Triumphant, in the struggles of the believers on earth,the Church Militant. Also resonant in the mental armory Soyinka invokes while in jail is Asian thought as represented by the mentality of the hermit who, through the force of his or her mental peregrinations, inhabits material and supra-material existence,peopled by the empowering presence of ancestors in faith,both living and departed, as exemplified ,for example,by Milarepa,to whom Soyinka makes explicit reference in Credo and the detailed account of his prison experience,The Man Died.




Jetsun Milarepa

Iconographic forms similar to mandalas and yantras occur in many cultures,from Africa to Europe to North America,such as in Akan and Gyaman Adinkra art,Celtic and Christian art and Native American geometric forms, and have been more recently appropriated by secular Western culture,particularly as mediated by the psychology of Carl Gustav Jung who understood them as playing a role in his psychiatric practice.The interpretations popularized by Jung,in conjunction with his extraordinarily wide ranging exploration of knowledge systems,both esoteric and exoteric,have helped to emphasize the possibilities of using such forms as ways of understanding not only the cosmos but the human mind.The questions of the place of the observer,particularly in terms of objectivity and subjectivity in relation to the cosmos they observe of which they are a part,the paradox of the observer being a part of what they observe and of the capacity for observation as shaped by the existential conditions made possible by the rootedness of the observer in that which they observe,the possibility of seeing the mandala and the yantra as also evoking the structure of the human mind or of any organized system,also emerge in relation to the interpretive possibilities opened up by these forms.

Soyinka's use of the centripetal/centrifugal structure in " Recession (Mahapralaya)" and Credo does not indicate mandala or yantras specifically,even though he clearly adapts the Mahapralaya idea,along with its Sanskrit name and an explanatory note,from Hinduism,in which mandalas and yantras are among the most prominent epistemological forms.Mandala and yantra theory is useful,however,in providing a framework for appreciating the two works in which Soyinka draws upon structural principles and cosmographic ideas which are also,incidentally,central to mandalas and yantras.The whole of his poetry collection,A Shuttle in the Crypt,is organized as a contemplative progression,withdrawing mentally within himself and into the cosmos,as when he withdraws into his heart and lies within its fires,or into the earth,drawing strength from both elemental forces and "bygone voyagers",or journeys into the point of cosmic reintegration of Mahapralaya, to the "dark in-being",a vantage point from which to assess human possibilities in terms of its promise and its fulfillment or failure,all these being strategies employed by the poet,mental exercises he engages in while in prison,so that like Dennis Brutus who reflects on the beauty of the stars as he is imprisoned in Robben Island

...the clammy cement sucks our naked feet...
the still,frosty glitter of the stars
the Southern Cross
flowering low

( "Cold")

the spirit grows stronger even though the body is helpless.


Image of a Buddhist mandala

The mandala represents an imaginary palace that is contemplated during meditation. Each object in the palace has significance, representing an aspect of wisdom or reminding the meditator of a guiding principle.

The deities who reside in the palace embody philosophical views and serve as role models.

From BBC "Religion and Ethics:Buddhism"

...as a child,I found myself frequently indulging in... conjuring up [the] primeval state [at the beginning of the world].

Void.Emptiness.I would shut my eyes,shut off my mind,then try to enter that primal state of nothingness which the world would have been before the creation of anything,animate or inanimate.I found myself impelled by a curiosity to experience the absolute state of non-being,of total void-no trees,no rocks,no skies,no other beings,not even I.

All I can recall today from that phase was the experience of dizziness.My head would begin to spin and I became somewhat scared.It did not stop me putting myself through the same cerebral wringer over and over again.

I can only wonder,at this distant remove,how I would have been affected at that impressionable age,by the knowledge that adults have actually constructed complex philosophical and religious systems in which all material life ,including all those dynamic processes for the reproduction of life which in fact constitute our social consciousness or value of being,are actually conceived as a programmed reversion towards that very state of nothingness,the primal zero,which I then tried vainly to experience.

...akin to what Buddhists undergo as part of their spiritual training-empty your mind,shed your flesh,your beingness....dissolve in the void itself and experience-Nirvana


From Wole Soyinka,Credo of Being and Nothingness.

Accustomed long to meditating on the Unborn,the Indestructible,and the Unabiding,
I have forgot all definitions of this or that particular Goal.

Accustomed long to meditating on all visible phenomena as the Dharma-Kaya,
I have forgot all mind made meditations.

Accustomed long to keep my mind in the Uncreated State of Freedom,
I have forgot conventional and artificial usages.

Accustomed long to know the meaning of the Wordless,
I have forgot the way to trace the roots of verbs and source
of words and phrases.

Jetsun Milarepa,
Tibet's Great Yogi Milarepa.ed.W.Y. Evans-Wetz
...
Yantra of the Hindu goddes Kali.

Kali: Hindu goddess associated with eternal energy. The name Kali means "black", but has by folk etymology come to mean "force of time (kala)". ..she is today considered the goddess of time and change.

from Wikipedia

At the dissolution of things, it is Kala [Time] Who will devour all, and by reason of this He is called Mahakala [an epithet of Lord Shiva], and since Thou devourest Mahakala Himself, it is Thou who art the Supreme Primordial Kalika.

Because Thou devourest Kala, Thou art Kali, the original form of all things, and because Thou art the Origin of and devourest all things Thou art called the Adya [primordial] Kali. Resuming after Dissolution Thine own form, dark and formless, Thou alone remainest as One ineffable and inconceivable.

Though having a form, yet art Thou formless; though Thyself without beginning, multiform by the power of Maya, Thou art the Beginning of all, Creatrix, Protectress, and Destructress that Thou art.

From The Mahanirvana-tantra quoted in Wikipedia

My Mother is the principle of consciousness.

She is Akhanda Satchidananda; indivisible Reality, Awareness, and Bliss.

The night sky between the stars is perfectly black. The waters of the ocean depths are the same; The infinite is always mysteriously dark. This inebriating darkness is my beloved Kali.

-Sri Ramakrishna

from Wikipedia

welcome o black dawn
...
marsh-glow of origin,dark
of night's ingestion,wecome
union of flame and seal
...
into the backward reel of time
....sinking...

i woke to bells of dreaded nuptials
...
a song of cyclones in silence of shells
...
i woke egret breasted to a peace of fire
to a shudder of earth in cavalcades of dawn
....
descend to roots
...sink spire,sink light
to ancestry of seed,to the dark-in-being
...
and whirlwings fold into the dark
a glacier mind of all being
slows to a last enduring thought

Wole Soyinka,"Recession (Mahapralaya)" in A Shuttle in the Crypt
Image of a Buddhist mandala with ancestral and symbolic personages radiating their benevolent presence from their locations in earth and sky.

The prow
Is pointed to a pull of undertows

A grey plunge in pools of silence,peace
Of bygone voyagers,to the close transforming pass.

Cleansed,they await, the seeker come
To a drought of centres,to slipholds on the climb


And heart may yield to strange upwelling thrusts,
Promising from far to slake immortal thirsts.

Wole Soyinka, "O Roots", in A Shuttle in the Crypt

I bow down to all Gurus.Great is the blessing
From the compassionate Gurus of the
Practice Lineage
.....

My Practice of Skill and Wisdom
Is like an eagle's mighty wings
With which I soar into the firmament.
I fly through the sky without fear of falling-

Blessed and joyful is my mind.
...

Having mastered all manifestations,
I sing little songs
Opportune to the occasion.
To describe this with a simile,
'Tis like a dragon roaring in
The sky without fear or dread-

Blessed and joyful is my mind.

I am the Yogi Milarepa
Who wanders from one retreat to another.
To describe this with a simile,
'Tis like the wild beats who live
In the mountains without fear-

Blessed and joyful is my mind.

Jetsun Milarepa, The Hundred Thousand Songs of Milarepa.trans and annotated by Garma Chang.